Oregon · U.S. House district 4 (119th Congress boundaries)
Oregon’s 4th district
Federal figures in this district: Social Security and VA
Two federal agencies’ published figures for this district. They are shown as published. They are not a ranking and not a score.
TotalsPer resident (not available yet)
Read this first. Districts differ in population and age, so two districts’ totals are not comparable without a per-person figure. PORKER does not show per-resident figures for these two sources yet, so it shows totals only, and districts are always listed in district-number order, never by amount.
Social Security Administration · December 2025
198,558people receiving Social Security (OASDI) benefits157,908 retired workers · 18,804 disabled workers · 9,469 widow(er)s and parents · 4,436 spouses · 7,941 children
Source: SSA, Table 1, April 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Publisher
- U.S. Social Security Administration, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, “Congressional Statistics, 2025”
- Table / row
- Table 1: OASDI beneficiaries in current-payment status, December 2025; sheet 'OR - OASDI', row 9
- Data as of
- December 2025; released April 2026
- Licence
- CC0 1.0, per the Data.gov record (id US-GOV-SSA-3372; record modified April 27, 2026)
- Retrieved by PORKER
- October 16, 2026
- Full file
- cong_stats25.xlsx ↗
- File SHA-256
7d31378275e2801fafd143bb96877c3407261b24767b935661ab5f915f2fe87f
$377,373,000total monthly Social Security benefits paidReported as 377,373 thousand dollars, for one month (December 2025), not a yearly figure
Source: SSA, Table 1, April 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Publisher
- U.S. Social Security Administration, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, “Congressional Statistics, 2025”
- Table / row
- Table 1: total monthly benefits (thousands of dollars); sheet 'OR - OASDI', row 9
- Data as of
- December 2025; released April 2026
- Licence
- CC0 1.0, per the Data.gov record (id US-GOV-SSA-3372; record modified April 27, 2026)
- Retrieved by PORKER
- October 16, 2026
- Full file
- cong_stats25.xlsx ↗
- File SHA-256
7d31378275e2801fafd143bb96877c3407261b24767b935661ab5f915f2fe87f
16,670people receiving SSI payments1,242 aged · 127 blind · 15,301 disabled. 6,171 also receive Social Security. Monthly payments $12,771,000.
Source: SSA, Table 2, April 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Publisher
- U.S. Social Security Administration, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, “Congressional Statistics, 2025”
- Table / row
- Table 2: SSI recipients and monthly payments, December 2025; sheet 'OR - SSI', row 10
- Data as of
- December 2025; released April 2026
- Licence
- CC0 1.0, per the Data.gov record (id US-GOV-SSA-3372; record modified April 27, 2026)
- Retrieved by PORKER
- October 16, 2026
- Full file
- cong_stats25.xlsx ↗
- File SHA-256
7d31378275e2801fafd143bb96877c3407261b24767b935661ab5f915f2fe87f
Read this first. These count people receiving benefits, assigned to the district by SSA using U.S. Postal Service geographic data on 119th Congress boundaries. Someone who receives both programs is counted in both. The numbers are not a measure of how many people “depend” on a program.
Department of Veterans Affairs · fiscal year 2025
$586,459,613VA direct expenditures attributed to this districtIndividual-level payments, linked to veterans’ addresses (VA’s method)
Source: VA GDX FY2025, CD Direct, September 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Publisher
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics
- File
- GDX_FY25.xlsx, sheet "CD Direct Exp", sheet 'CD Direct Exp', row 326, code OR04
- Prepared
- September 2026 (per the file’s data guide)
- Boundaries
- 119th Congress districts
- Licence
- U.S. government work; no licence statement found on the VA page
- Retrieved by PORKER
- October 16, 2026
- File SHA-256
1cf95d35c842b0064eacb3055db4441a775163919a3e90d21d30d4966aefaf25
$568,735,279VA indirect expenditures attributed to this districtLinked to where the spending is carried out, “place of performance” (VA’s method)
Source: VA GDX FY2025, CD Indirect, September 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Publisher
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics
- File
- GDX_FY25.xlsx, sheet "CD Indirect Exp", sheet 'CD Indirect Exp', row 326, code OR04
- Prepared
- September 2026 (per the file’s data guide)
- Boundaries
- 119th Congress districts
- Licence
- U.S. government work; no licence statement found on the VA page
- Retrieved by PORKER
- October 16, 2026
- File SHA-256
1cf95d35c842b0064eacb3055db4441a775163919a3e90d21d30d4966aefaf25
$1,155,194,891direct plus indirect, as publishedSum of the two figures above, computed by PORKER
Source: computed from the two VA figures, FY2025, September 2026 ↗
Evidence
- How computed
- PORKER added the two published totals: direct + indirect. VA does not publish this sum.
- Inputs
- The two VA figures above (see their evidence)
- Licence
- U.S. government work; no licence statement found on the VA page
- Retrieved by PORKER
- October 16, 2026
- File SHA-256
1cf95d35c842b0064eacb3055db4441a775163919a3e90d21d30d4966aefaf25
| Compensation & Pension | $541,450,344 |
| Dependency & Indemnity Compensation, Survivors Pension | $43,348,596 |
| Insurance | $1,116,537 |
| Specially Adapted Housing | $544,136 |
| Autos and Adaptive Equipment | $241,846 |
| Construction | $2,868,546 |
| Education | $26,060,925 |
| Loan Guaranty | $2,495,860 |
| Memorial Benefits | $3,111,205 |
| Veteran Readiness & Employment | $3,180,282 |
| Medical Community Care | $233,537,844 |
| Medical VA Care | $297,238,771 |
What each category covers (VA’s data guide)
- Compensation & Pension
- The Compensation and Pension (C&P) category includes expenditures for the following categories: Veterans disability compensation and Veterans pension payments. Expenditure data by county are provided by VBA Office of Performance Analysis & Integrity (PA&I).
- Insurance
- The Insurance category includes VA expenditures for death claims, matured endowments, dividends, cash surrender payments, total disability income provision payments, and total and permanent disability benefits payments. It includes Veterans Affairs Life Insurance (VALife), Veterans' Mortgage Life Insurance (VMLI), National Service Life Insurance (NSLI), Service Disabled Veterans Life Insurance (SDVI), United States Government Life Insurance (USGLI), Veterans Reopened Insurance (VRI), and Veterans Special Life Insurance (VSLI). It does not include Traumatic Injury Protection Under Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance, Family Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance, or Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance. Expenditure data comes from the Insurance office of Budget and Oversight.
- Specially Adapted Housing
- The Specially Adapted Housing category includes expenditures for Specially Adapted Housing (Chapter 21) and Special Housing Adaptation. Expenditure data comes from VBA PA&I at the county level. Note: In 2024, these expenditures were included in the Indirect Expenditure category called Specially Adapted Housing and Automobiles and Adaptive Equipment.
- Autos and Adaptive Equipment
- The Automobiles and Adaptive Equipment category includes expenditures for Automobiles and Adaptive Equipment (chapter 39). Expenditure data comes from VBA PA&I at the county level. Note: In 2024, these expenditures were included with the Specially Adapted Housing expenditures.
- Construction
- The Construction category includes expenditures for Major Projects and Minor Projects. Expenditure data by place of performance (station numbers and facility names) come from the VA Office of Construction and Facilities Management (CFM).
- Education
- The Education category includes expenditures for Post-Vietnam Era Veterans’ Educational Assistance (Chapter 32), Montgomery G.I. Bill for Selected Reserves (Chapter 1606), Montgomery G.I. Bill (Chapter 30), and Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance (Chapter 33), Veterans Rapid Assistance Retraining Program (VRRAP), and Survivors’ and Dependents’ Educational Assistance (Ch35). Expenditure data by county comes from VBA PA&I. Note: In 2024, Education expenditures were grouped with the Veteran Readiness & Employment category.
- Loan Guaranty
- The Loan Guaranty category includes expenditures for Veterans Housing Guaranteed and Insured Loans, Veterans Housing Direct Loans for Certain Disabled Veterans, and the Native American Veteran Direct Loan Program. Negative expenditures represent amounts "net gain" to VA; positive expenditures represent "net loss" to VA. Large differences between 2024 and 2025 expenditures were attributed to the VA Service Purchase Program (VASP) implemented in 2025. The Loan Guaranty expenditure data by county comes from VBA PA&I.
- Memorial Benefits
- The Memorial Benefits category includes expenditures for urns & plaques, presidential memorial certificates (PMCs), interments, headstones and markers, medallions, administratives, grants money for state owned cemeteries, and VBA burial benefits. Expenditure data by zip codes comes from the NCA Office of Finance Service; expenditure data by county comes from VBA PA&I.
- Veteran Readiness & Employment
- The Veteran Readiness & Employment (VRE) category includes expenditures for Veteran Readiness & Employment (Chapter 31) for Veterans with service-connected disabilities. Expenditure data by county comes from VBA PA&I. Note: In 2024, VRE expenditures were grouped with Education Expenditures.
Read this first. VA says this is an estimate and may not match other VA financial reports. VA assigns direct expenditures to veterans’ addresses and indirect expenditures to the place where the spending is carried out, so a district with a VA facility can show spending that serves people who live elsewhere. FY2025 uses 119th Congress district lines; earlier years use older lines (FY2024 used the 118th) and different categories, so PORKER does not compare years. Loan Guaranty can be a negative number in some places (a net gain to VA); we show it as published.
Source records
| Source | File | Where | Published | Retrieved | SHA-256 of the file |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. Social Security Administration, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics Congressional Statistics, 2025 (OASDI and SSI by congressional district) | cong_stats25.xlsx ↗ 398,838 bytes | Oregon fact sheet, Tables 1 and 2, row 4 | April 2026 | October 16, 2026 | 7d31378275e2801fafd143bb96877c3407261b24767b935661ab5f915f2fe87f |
| U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics Geographic Distribution of VA Expenditures (GDX), Fiscal Year 2025 | GDX_FY25.xlsx ↗ 743,379 bytes | sheets "CD Direct Exp" and "CD Indirect Exp", OR04 | September 2026 | October 16, 2026 | 1cf95d35c842b0064eacb3055db4441a775163919a3e90d21d30d4966aefaf25 |
PORKER keeps a copy of each file. The SHA-256 shown is the hash of that stored copy. The state page and the district pages read the same files.
Federal award obligations in this district
Contracts, grants, direct payments and loans whose place of performance is in OR-4, by federal fiscal year. Obligations, not outlays.
Read this first. “Obligated” means the government committed the money in an award action (a contract, grant, payment or loan). It is not the same as money paid out, and not the same as “spending”. USAspending places each action in a district by the place of performance on the award. That is often where work is administered or goods are shipped from, not where people benefit, so district attribution is approximate and one large action can move a district’s figure a lot. These are totals for the district, not for its member of Congress, and PORKER never ranks members or districts by amount.
$11,204per person, FY2025 (USAspending’s own per-person figure)
708,207people, the population USAspending used
What kind of awards, per person
Contracts $555 (5%)Grants $767 (7%)Direct payments $9,837 (88%)Loans $3 (0%)
Five fiscal years side by side, per person
$7.93 billionobligated in FY2025 (Oct 2024 – Sep 2025)
What kind of awards
Contracts $393.3 million (5%)Grants $543.4 million (7%)Direct payments $6.97 billion (88%)Loans $2.4 million (0%)
Five fiscal years side by side
How much USAspending places in a district. For FY2025, nationwide, USAspending also places this share of each state-level total in a district: contracts 100%, grants 24%, direct payments 54%, all award types 54%. The rest has no district on the award record (for example, grants to a state government or payments to individuals recorded at state level). So grant and direct-payment amounts shown for a district are only part of the picture and are not comparable with contract amounts.
This district compared with its state and the nation, FY2025, per person
OR-4
$11,204 per person
All Oregon districts together
$5,639 per person
All districts nationwide (50 states + DC)
$8,357 per person
All three bars use the same district-level data, so they are like for like. A district with a large installation, headquarters or distribution centre can look high or low for reasons unrelated to its residents. The bars are context, not a verdict.
Awarding agencies, FY2025 (largest first)
- Social Security Administration $4.73 billion
- Department of Health and Human Services $1.51 billion
- Department of Veterans Affairs $654.5 million
- Department of Agriculture $206.6 million
- Department of Transportation $155.7 million
Recipients named on the awards, FY2025 (largest first)
- Multiple Recipients $6.76 billion
- Oregon State University $209.9 million
- Oregon Department Of Transportation $119.5 million
- University Of Oregon $108.0 million
- Jag Alaska Inc. $95.4 million
Bars are the share of this district’s FY2025 total ($7.93 billion). A recipient is the organisation named on the award; where the money is then used can differ.
Source: USAspending.gov, award search, retrieved October 19, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Publisher
- U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov
- What the number is
- Sum of federal award-action obligations (contracts, grants, direct payments, loans) dated within the fiscal year (Oct 1 to Sep 30), by place of performance. USAspending field: spending_level=“transactions”, scope=“place_of_performance”.
- What it is not
- Not outlays (money paid out), not the lifetime value of awards, and a year’s net figure can be reduced by later changes that cancel earlier obligations, not spending by the district’s member, and not where the benefit lands.
- Per person
- Amount divided by the district population, both as supplied by USAspending in the same response (“per_capita”). PORKER does not re-compute it. USAspending does not state the population year.
- Geography
- OR district 4, 119th Congress boundaries as used by USAspending. Actions with no district are not counted in any district.
- API endpoint
https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/search/spending_by_geography/(POST, no key needed)- Raw responses kept
- usaspending-2026-10-19.jsonl.gz (481,281 bytes)
- SHA-256 of stored file
d7292cfb33c8ddca4185e928c9fd6e2aba3642edb6d0cfdaf2a164d7e07a34bd- Retrieved
- October 19, 2026
- FY2025 total
- $7.93 billion ($7,934,724,453), obligations dated Oct 1, 2024 to Sep 30, 2025
- Population used for per person
- 708,207 (as supplied by USAspending)
Show every number (table)
| Award type | FY2021 | FY2022 | FY2023 | FY2024 | FY2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All award types | $7,054,974,979 | $6,580,898,506 | $7,096,290,742 | $7,537,970,011 | $7,934,724,453 |
| Contracts | $287,928,912 | $317,082,383 | $516,896,802 | $550,461,760 | $393,307,615 |
| Grants | $699,413,526 | $495,618,011 | $555,471,487 | $586,257,332 | $543,393,981 |
| Direct payments | $5,357,911,095 | $5,456,191,066 | $5,920,535,706 | $6,374,130,262 | $6,966,877,396 |
| Loans | $444,634,004 | $18,573,913 | -$1,176,370 | $110,614 | $2,443,297 |
Data: USAspending.gov, retrieved October 19, 2026. Only complete fiscal years (FY2021 – FY2025) are shown. FY2026 is still in progress.
About this district: a Census snapshot (optional)
Facts about the district as a whole, from the Census Bureau. Nothing here is about you or any individual, and nothing here targets or scores any group.
Show the OR-4 snapshot
Read this first. These are survey estimates from a sample, shown with a margin of error (±). Districts differ in size, so compare percentages and medians, not counts. Bars share one scale and start at zero. Colour marks the place only.
People living here712,690 ± 3,875
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B01003, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- People living here
- Table
- ACS table B01003
- Meaning
- Estimated total population.
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 3,875 of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B01003&geo_ids=500|04000US..
Median age42.6 ± 0.4
OR-4
42.6
All of Oregon
40.8
United States
39.2
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B01002, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- Median age
- Table
- ACS table B01002
- Meaning
- Half of residents are younger, half older.
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 0.4 of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B01002&geo_ids=500|04000US..
Under 1816.7% ± 0.6%
OR-4
16.7%
All of Oregon
19.3%
United States
21.4%
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B01001, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- Under 18
- Table
- ACS table B01001 (cells added up by PORKER)
- Meaning
- Share of residents (sum of the male and female age bands under 18).
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 0.6% of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B01001&geo_ids=500|04000US..
65 and over24.2% ± 0.7%
OR-4
24.2%
All of Oregon
19.9%
United States
18.0%
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B01001, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- 65 and over
- Table
- ACS table B01001 (cells added up by PORKER)
- Meaning
- Share of residents (sum of the male and female age bands 65 and over).
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 0.7% of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B01001&geo_ids=500|04000US..
Median household income$69,445 ± $2,859
OR-4
$69,445
All of Oregon
$85,220
United States
$81,604
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B19013, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- Median household income
- Table
- ACS table B19013
- Meaning
- In 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars. Half of households earn less, half more.
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± $2,859 of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B19013&geo_ids=500|04000US..
People below the poverty level15.7% ± 1.4%
OR-4
15.7%
All of Oregon
11.8%
United States
12.1%
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B17001, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- People below the poverty level
- Table
- ACS table B17001 (cells divided by PORKER)
- Meaning
- Share of people for whom poverty status is determined, in the past 12 months.
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 1.4% of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B17001&geo_ids=500|04000US..
Unemployment rate5.6% ± 0.8%
OR-4
5.6%
All of Oregon
4.9%
United States
4.6%
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B23025, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- Unemployment rate
- Table
- ACS table B23025 (cells divided by PORKER)
- Meaning
- Share of the civilian labour force that is unemployed and looking for work.
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 0.8% of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B23025&geo_ids=500|04000US..
Adults 25+ with a bachelor's degree or higher33.2% ± 1.3%
OR-4
33.2%
All of Oregon
37.8%
United States
36.8%
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B15003, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- Adults 25+ with a bachelor's degree or higher
- Table
- ACS table B15003 (cells added up by PORKER)
- Meaning
- Share of people 25 and over (bachelor's, master's, professional or doctorate).
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 1.3% of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B15003&geo_ids=500|04000US..
People with no health insurance5.2% ± 0.5%
OR-4
5.2%
All of Oregon
5.2%
United States
8.2%
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B27010, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- People with no health insurance
- Table
- ACS table B27010 (cells added up by PORKER)
- Meaning
- Share of the civilian non-institutionalised population.
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 0.5% of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B27010&geo_ids=500|04000US..
Homes lived in by their owner64.2% ± 1.2%
OR-4
64.2%
All of Oregon
63.1%
United States
65.3%
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B25003, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- Homes lived in by their owner
- Table
- ACS table B25003 (cells divided by PORKER)
- Meaning
- Share of occupied homes (the rest are rented).
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 1.2% of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B25003&geo_ids=500|04000US..
Median monthly rent$1,371 ± $41
OR-4
$1,371
All of Oregon
$1,597
United States
$1,487
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B25064, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- Median monthly rent
- Table
- ACS table B25064
- Meaning
- Gross rent (rent plus utilities) where rent is paid.
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± $41 of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B25064&geo_ids=500|04000US..
Households with a broadband subscription93.2% ± 0.9%
OR-4
93.2%
All of Oregon
93.7%
United States
93.2%
Source: Census Bureau ACS 2024 1-year, table B28002, via Census Reporter, retrieved October 17, 2026 ↗
Evidence
- Fact
- Households with a broadband subscription
- Table
- ACS table B28002 (cells divided by PORKER)
- Meaning
- Share of households.
- Margin of error
- 90% confidence. The true value is likely within ± 0.9% of the estimate
- Geography
- OR-4, congressional district as the Census Bureau defines it for the 2024 survey; state and nation rows from the same table
- Source file
https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B28002&geo_ids=500|04000US..
American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates, 2024. U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2024 1-year estimates, retrieved through Census Reporter (censusreporter.org). PORKER is not endorsed or certified by the Census Bureau.
Same rule for every member. Both parties are always shown, and every number links to the bill or member behind it. How we calculate →